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Designing a power supply, adjustable from 2 to 25 Volt

Designing a power supply based on the integration of National LM317; applying an input voltage of about 28 V, output voltage, which is perfectly stable, can be adjusted from 2 to 25 V, simply by turning the potentiometer
5 kOhm.
As shown, the circuit is very simple and the pattern is descriptive, to allow the execution even the less experienced.
The AC voltage of the transformer is rectified by a diode bridge (you can also use 4 diodes).
The condenser (No. 2) from 2200 uF 50V measures at the level, while the small one (No. 1) from 0.01 uF in parallel, in the circumstances of peaks at high frequency, compensating for the inductance dell'elettrolitico. The condenser (No. 3) 100-uF 36V
The tension comes at pin 3 of integrity. Since the center pin out voltage regulated, while on pin 1 is connected to the network of regulation, made by the resistance of 240 W and 5 kW potentiometer.
(NB remember bridging two of the three terminals of the potentiometer).
The power supply can supply a maximum current of 1.5 A.

THE TRANSFORMER The transformer has the task to lower the voltage, it is generally composed of two distinct windings: one entry, called primary, which is connected to 220V, a output, called secondary, which provides a lower voltage of the incoming, suited to the needs of the user, that any equipment that you want food. Depending on the types, the processor may have one or two secondary windings;

rectifier diode

in electrical and electronic rectifier or a rectifier is a device used to straighten a bipolar signal ( bidirectional), and then to turn it into a unipolar signal (mono). The rectifier is connected to other components, is used to convert alternating current into direct current.

adopting four diodes arranged in a Graetz bridge configuration, You can get a signal which is the sum of a positive half wave over the negative half-wave inverted (full wave). This solution, widely used in power supplies, makes it much easier for the next filtering and voltage level to obtain a current, however, does not require a transformer with double windings. The main disadvantage of this method is to have a voltage drop equal to that of two diodes in series, and even beyond 2volt. In flattening very small voltages is therefore a loss and excessive distortion.

A similar configuration consists of six diodes can straighten a three-phase voltage using all three phases (more than three in a multiphase system, using a suitable number of diodes).

LEVELING THE CONDENSER

The AC voltage coming from the transformer, made by one-way diodes, does not have a constant value: the value is constantly changing, going from zero to a maximum value, and this happens as we said before, fifty times a second. The capacitor is added to the circuit works as a reserve tank: stores energy when the voltage is high and the returns when the voltage tends to drop.

Calculation for a power supply circuit to use depends on the transformer you have. When you need a stronger current is best to use the scheme with four diodes, which uses both half-waves and therefore allows a higher level of output voltage. With four diodes are both half-wave rectified.

to obtain the desired voltage output, the only way is to use a transformer whose secondary voltage gives a very precise. Let us see how it calculated the secondary voltage of the transformer:
VU
call the tension that has to come to the user.

add 1 to the value of VU to take into account the voltage drop in rectifiers
divide the result by 1.41 to go from maximum to rms

multiply the result by 1.1 to take account of the fall voltage in the transformer when operating under load
With these calculations we obtain that VS and the voltage that the transformer secondary must have, who does not want to do accounts in the table on the right is already calculated values.
Keep in mind that the values \u200b\u200bshown are approximate, partly because, unless you wrap it
specifically, hardly able to find a transformer with the correct voltage. The processor must then be adapted to the power demand: multiply the operating voltage for the power user who requires it, the value obtained shall be increased by about 20% if the power supply must operate intermittently, or 40% in
case of extended or continuous operation.

Example: an appliance has to operate at 12 V and consumes a current of 1.5 A and power of the transformer is:
the 12 x 1.5 x 1.2 = 21.6 VA (for intermittent operation)
l 12 x 1.5 x 1.4 = 25.2 VA (for continuous operation)

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PHASES OF DESIGN AUTOMATION

The design of a home automation system can be divided into the following phases:

1. analysis of user needs;
2. evaluation of systems and their components;
3. definition of functionality;
4. choice of the control system and its components;
5. preparation of layouts and diagrams of the plants;
6. cabling;
7. Map of signals (inputs) and controls (outputs);
8. specific programming of the system.
Each of the steps listed above, of course, gain in importance and weight in relation to the different size of the dwelling

Beware of companies that do not respect these phases.

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on ambient rumors abound, some real urban legends (although they promise to sell everything). The industry already produces a large number of home automation equipment, which all have a great reliability and high safety of use. Unfortunately some people posing as professionals, they use these devices incorrectly, or not exactly set inserted in systems not designed carefully, and so can be damaged and, therefore, give rise to mistrust among potential users and manufacturers. The market home automation provides a huge amount of variables and functions to be implemented in many ways. This gives the possibility of a very large number of choices, ranging personal characteristics of the user, in the sense that there is a home automation project that can be used in any house without undergoing a redesign. For example, in a home automation system you can have a remote control with which to operate all devices, light in the kitchen to the volume of the TV, but choose to adopt this method of control rather than a standard wall panel is one thing be done in collaboration with those who live in the environment and that will be well. Similarly the other choices should be made of the funds, which it integrated into home automation system and what to leave out. For example, the integration of heating, alarm system and lighting. The designer must be able to combine economy with the expandability and is a task that requires an adequate education. Should I turn to serious professionals, as in designing a home automation system is an important thing to an accurate paperwork, which, unfortunately, some companies think is a waste of money or maybe this is just an excuse because they have the skills and human resources to provide this documentation. The paperwork is necessary because it is can understand the function of each wire or each tube. In home automation, the real problem will reside in the expansion of the plant. For this reason it becomes necessary to rovolgersi of professionals who are able to get the best equipment that will help us live better and not to complicate their existence.
program is a guarantee: he makes a usable documentation, preferably in electronic form. In fact, if a device fails, just having a copy of the programming will be able to recover quickly from the system. Home automation is another way of doing things, a system that involves the professionalism that never existed before and therefore implies other levels of education. Home automation offers a significant reduction of complexity of the wiring (30% less cable) and, above all, lots of everything and innovative features that are not even conceivable in traditional systems. Beware of those who "pretends" home automation and building automation without having the appropriate requirements and skills: they promise without even knowing what they're talking. They sell things that can not practically offer .....

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serious professionals

With Home Automation generally includes both the technology (ie research aspects) and the productive sector (and therefore the implementation issues) dealing with integration, achieved through the use electronics and information technology, products, facilities and services that enable the automation of domestic functions.
The integration also includes the management of devices (appliances, boilers, lights, audio equipment and video, etc ...) that are traditionally in the home. In
intelligent cabling you are using a bus with two cables, while in the conventional wiring using a harness. For
Bus means a data line that connects the various devices and home automation system that transmits all control information. We can think of as home automation system to a computer network and video devices in the house are like nodes (computers) network, the bus is the cable that connects them and allows the flow of information in the system.
bus systems in the control of activation of a component, such as turning on the light, there is a direct (such as traditional plant), through an electric wire that connects the switch with lamp, but is controlled by bus: the input device (switch) sends a signal to the network, ie the data line bus, which sends it to the output device (lamp).

Home automation is useful

therefore improve the quality of life and eliminate architectural barriers Home automation makes it comfortable, cozy, bright, confident and communicative every environment, integrating all functionality from the point of view of architecture and design, closers on all sides, so that every action can be pursued with the same effort and simplicity, regardless of gender, age or disability of the person who executes it. Because it is an economic investment
Home automation saves time and money because it makes it easier and faster installation of electrical systems, lighting, video intercom, automated gates and garage, TV reception, alarm system and so on, also allows drastically reduce the number of cables and evolves the traditional systems by adding functionality, which in turn allow us to reduce waste and consumption and therefore the burden of bills. Only with the home automation you can get the real savings is to consume less for the same result / output or outcome / look better.
Why is an investment in health Appropriate security systems detect gas leakage, short circuit, smoke, fire or flooding and intervene for closing the taps, washing machines and dishwashers are run in our absence to limit exposure to electromagnetic fields at low frequency and one at a time to not trigger the counter; For the same reason, the bedroom is completely isolated during our sleep, and especially that of our children or the elderly.


Why is an investment in a security alarm home automation has never turned off, is designed to protect people first, and when we go out items will be protected and the house when we return we will be protected and / or our loved ones, when we're on holiday lights, televisions and radios simulate our presence, we can answer the intercom and the phone with our mobile phones - despite the distance, the same way or with internet we can control audio / video environments, including our external parts.

Why is an investment in technical and customization is no longer a problem that could prepare her home automation environments to prepare them for the future. If well designed, a home automation system, can then also adapt to structural change or furniture. On a home automation system modifications are possible later. The programmability, software and distance learning, you can implement new features, modify or customize the ones already installed and set any parameters. Finally, compatibility is guaranteed into the future for any new equipment.
When someone rings the doorbell, we can see "who" and communicate with him through the television without getting up from the couch, in the same way we can give commands to the opening of doors and windows, temperature control, irrigation Garden, we can verify the operation of each facility, both from indoors, which from all over the world with Internet or phone.